Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancer

Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health dilemma and is currently the most common tumour in the globe. Awareness of breast cancer, public attentiveness, and advancement in breast imaging has made a positive impact on recognition and screening of breast cancer. Breast cancer is life-threatening disease in females and the leading cause of mortality among women population. For the previous two decades, studies related to the breast cancer has guided to astonishing advancement in our understanding of the breast cancer, resulting in further proficient treatments. Amongst all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the leading cause of death in post menopausal women accounting for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is a global issue now, but still it is diagnosed in their advanced stages due to the negligence of women regarding the self inspection and clinical examination of the breast. This review addresses anatomy of the breast, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, pathogenesis of breast cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations and treatment including chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapies, hormone replacement therapy, radiation therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy and stem-cell therapy etc for breast cancer.

Mitigating effects of Jambul against lead induced toxicity in epididymis and vas deferens of mice

Background: Precious fruits like jambul are neglected and wasted while environmental pollutants like lead intake remain overlooked

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Jambul pulp extract on lead detrimental effects in pseudostratified epithelium and the stereocilia of mice epididymis and vas deferens

Materials and Methods: Thirty young males mice [Mus musculus] were distributed randomly in 3 groups [n= 10] called control, Pb [Lead] and Pb-J [Lead-Jambul]. The Pb and Pb-J were provided 50ppm Pb in drinking water ad libitum for 15 days and Pb free water for the next 5 days. The Pb-J group received 0.2ml jambul pulp extract on 12 hourly bases. Control group was not given any treatment. Organs [epididymis and vas deference] were recovered on 21[st] days after euthanasia. The organs were finally processed for histological and micrometric studies

Results: Marked histologic and micrometric changes in both organs were noted in Pb group. These include significant [P

Conclusion: The results indicate that epididymis and vas deferens are highly sensitive to Pb exposure while Jambul pulp extract has shown rich mitigating potentials against such histopathologies

Frequency of polyzoospermia and teratozoospermia in infertile men

This study was aimed to see the frequency of polyzoospermia and teratozoospermia, among men with history of infertility, presenting at National Institute of Health, Islamabad. Seven hundred and ninety married men presenting with a complaint of infertility underwent their semen analysis. They were categorized on the basis of sperm count and morphology. The sperm count was performed by Neubauer haemocytometer, while morphology assessed after staining the slides as described by the WHO methodology. The 790 men were classified as having azoospermia [203], oligozoospermia [353], polyzoospermia [13] and normozoospermia [221]. While on the basis of morphology as teratozoospermia [37] and normozoospermia [550]. The frequency of polyzoospermia in our study was 1.65% and teratozoospermia 6.30%. The study highlights the importance of both qualitative and quantitative analysis of sperms i.e. count and morphology in order to accurately diagnose the causes of infertility. It shows low frequency of polyzoospermia and teratozoospermia in infertile men

Myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome [MPDS] in N.W.F.P - a study conducted on 100 patients

The present study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Pakistan. One hundred patients were selected. The patients were referred to this department from various parts of NWFP. A comprehensive history of each patient was taken and thorough clinical examination was carried out. All patients were examined by direct manual palpation of TMJ and muscles of mastication. The clicking sound of joint was also recorded. Basic investigation and specific investigations like radiograph such as orthopanto-gram were taken to exclude dental and other pathological conditions. The diagnosis of Myofacial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome [MPDS] was established by co- relating different factors such as pain, muscle tenderness, and limited jaw movement. Male were more commonly affected, 80 out of 100 were male and 20 were female. Married persons were 70 as compared to unmarried [n=30]. The Para-functional habits like bruxism, day clinching, nail biting were noted in 40 patients. Moreover, students [n=30] between 15-25 years were affected. And married group of the society were most commonly affected; 70%